Functional analytic psychotherapy

Functional analytic psychotherapy (FAP) is an approach to clinical psychotherapy that uses a radical behaviorist position informed by B.F. Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior.

Although sufficient for use alone, this approach is offered as something that may be practiced in addition to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). FAP focuses on in-session client–therapist interactions as the basis for clinical change.

Clinically relevant behavior (CRB) represents the categories of client change in FAP and there are three general categories of CRBs. CRB1s represent problematic behavior that occur in-session that are the focus of change. CRB2s are the behaviors that manage or deal with CRB1s. CRB3s represent client statements or rules about positive changes that are encouraged in FAP. The concept of CRB3s might be seen as being akin to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, despite these similarities, the interpretation and theoretical justification for them are different.[1]

Contents

Basic conceptual structure

The basic FAP analysis utilizes what is called the clinically relevant behavior (CRB1), which is the client's presenting problem as presented in-session. Client in-session actions that improve their CRB1s are referred to as CRB2s. Client statements, or verbal behavior, about CRBs are referred to as CRB3s. The CRB3s, although based on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, are what most closely approximate CBT cognitions.[1] In-session focus on client behavior approximates the psychoanalytic conception of the therapeutic alliance (which is psychoanalytic parlance containing transference and counter-transference issues).[1]

FAP also explores covert verbal behavior such as mands-to-self and tacts-to-self, as well as rule-governed versus contingency-shaped behavior.[2]

As a treatment FAP places great focus on the therapeutic relationship. The result is a highly emotional and relationally-based therapy. Often people do not associate such relationally-focused interventions with a Skinnerian treatment.

Applications

The treatment manuals for functional analytic psychotherapy are published online for those who desire to do research.[3][4]

Functional analytic psychotherapy has been applied to many complex clinical problems such as relational behavior around complex post-traumatic stress disorder/complex trauma.[5] In the area of trauma the concept is that the relationship is where the post-traumatic stress was formed and thus the relationship is where it needs to be improved. The relational work of FAP has also been applied to the supervision relationship.[6]

Depression

Jonathan Kanter explored the use of FAP and another modality in one article for use with depression, a common clinical problem.[7]

Kanter also explored FAP in conjunction with CBT for depression in 2006.[8]

Research support

The major component of functional analytic psychotherapy is to target particular clinically relevant behavior and the use of in-session natural reinforcement to increase appropriate relational behavior. This approach has received considerable research over the past 50 years and can be considered an empirically valid process.[9] In some respects empirically supported principles, like those supporting FAP are more important than empirical support for treatment packages.[10]

History

Main article: Behavior analysis of child development

FAP was created by Dr. Robert Kohlenberg and Dr. Mavis Tsai in 1991.[1] It offers an interesting model of child development and personality development. This model held that verbal processes can be used to form a stable sense of who we are, through behavioral processes such as stimulus control.

As such it represents an extension of Stephen Hayes attempt to incorporate behaviorism with clinical issues (although Hayes' approach utilized his own relational frame theory instead of Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior).[11]

Third generation behavior therapy

Often FAP is lumped with behavioral activation, dialectical behavior therapy, integrative behavioral couples therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy. Together these therapies are often referred to as third generation behavior therapy because they focus less on cognitive phenomena and more on functional analysis commonly found in applied behavior analysis and a behavioral theory of language and cognition.

Professional organizations

The Association for Behavior Analysis International (ABAI) has a special interest group for practitioner issues, behavioral counseling, and clinical behavior analysis. ABAI has larger special interest groups for behavioral medicine. ABAI serves as the core intellectual home for behavior analysts.[12][13] ABAI sponsors two conferences/year – one in the U.S. and one international.

The Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) also has an interest group in behavior analysis, which focuses on clinical behavior analysis. In addition, the Association for Behavioral and Cogntive Therapies has a special interest group in addicitons.

Doctoral level behavior analysts who are psychologists belong to the American Psychological Association's division 25 – Behavior analysis. APA offers a diplomate in behavioral psychology.

The World Association for Behavior Analysis offers a certification for clinical behavior analysis which covers functional analytic psychotherapy [2].

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Kohlenberg, R.J. & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional analytic psychotherapy: A guide for creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. New York: Plenum.
  2. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=1ZwW7ESxjHIC&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=rule+governed+behavior&source=web&ots=s-ugoadNAt&sig=XH0Sh8bZ9fFnqHg7zNfgsJGwOSk
  3. ^ Callaghan, G.M. (2006). The Functional Idiographic Assessment Template (FIAT) System. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(3), 357–98 BAO
  4. ^ Callaghan, G.M. (2006). Functional Assessment of Skills for Interpersonal Therapists: The FASIT System. The Behavior Analyst Today, 7(3), 399–433 BAO
  5. ^ Kohlenberg, B.S.; Tsai, M. & Kohlenberg, R. (2006). Functional analytic psychotherapy and the treatment of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. In V.M. Follette and J.I. Ruzek (Eds.) Cognitive–behavioral therapies for trauma. Guilford Press.
  6. ^ Callaghan, G.M. (2006). Functional Analytic Psychotherapy and Supervision. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2(3), 416–25 BAO
  7. ^ Jonathan W. Kanter, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Glenn M. Callaghan, San Jose State University; Sara J. Landes, Andrew M. Busch, and Keri R. Brown, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. (2004). Behavior Analytic Conceptualization and Treatment of Depression: Traditional Models and Recent Advances. The Behavior Analyst Today, 5(3), 255 BAO
  8. ^ J.W. Kanter, S.J. Landes, A.M. Busch, L.C. Rusch, K.R. Brown & D.E. Baruch, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee and G.I. Holman, University of Washington. (Winter 2006). The Effect of contingent reinforcement on target variables in outpatient psychotherapy for depression: a successful and unsuccessful case using functional analytic psychotherapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39(4), 463–7 [1]
  9. ^ Cautilli, J.; Riley-Tillman, T.C.; Axelrod, S. & Hineline, P. (2005). The Role of Verbal Conditioning in Third Generation Behavior Therapy. The Behavior Analyst Today, 6(2), 138–50 BAO
  10. ^ Rosen, G.M. & Davison, G.C. (2003). Psychology should list empirically supported principles of change (ESPs) and not credential trademarked therapies or other treatment packages. Behavior Modification, 27, 300–12.
  11. ^ see acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), Stephen Hayes
  12. ^ Twyman, J.S. (2007). A new era of science and practice inbehavior analysis. Association for Behavior Analysis International: Newsletter, 30(3), 1–4.
  13. ^ Hassert, D.L., Kelly, A.N., Pritchard, J.K. & Cautilli, J.D. (2008). The Licensing of Behavior Analysts: Protecting the profession and the public. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 5(2), 8–19 BAO

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